An echocardiogram is a test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart. The picture is much more detailed than a plain x-ray image and involves no radiation exposure (MedlinePlus). This book is a practical guide to the latest advances and techniques in echocardiography. Beginning with an introduction to the fundamentals of the procedure, the following sections discuss both basic and advanced techniques for different cardiac conditions. Highly illustrated with echo images and diagrams of heart structures, this invaluable reference helps trainees recognise and interpret echocardiographic images and Doppler flow data to make an accurate clinical diagnosis. Key points Practical guide to latest advances and techniques in echocardiography In depth coverage of fundamentals and principles of echo Includes basic and advanced techniques Highly illustrated with echo images, diagrams and Doppler flow data.

Machine generated contents note: SECTION 1 Fundamentals of Echocardiography -- 1.Echocardiography: Basic Principles, Technique, Display and Interpretation -- [•] Ultrasound Physics -- [•] Ultrasound Beam -- 2.Hemodynamic Evaluation by Echo-Doppler Techniques -- [•] Hemodynamic Evaluation -- [•] Doppler Principle for Estimating Velocity -- [•] Ohm's Law of Fluids (The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation) -- [•] The Bernoulli's Equation -- [•] Continuity Equation -- [•] Effective Orifice Area -- [•] Vena Contracta -- [•] Pressure Recovery -- [•] Ventriculovalvular Impedance -- [•] Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area and Volumetric Measurements -- [•] Pressure Half-Time -- [•] LVDP/DT -- [•] Estimation of Pulmonary Artery Pressures and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance -- SECTION 2 Valvular Heart Disease -- 3.Mitral Stenosis -- [•] Anatomy of the Mitral Valve -- 4.Mitral Regurgitation -- Contents note continued: [•] Functional Morphology of MR -- 5.Aortic Valve Stenosis -- [•] Anatomy of Trileaflet Aortic Valve -- [•] Unicuspid Aortic Valve -- [•] Bicuspid Aortic Valve -- [•] Quadricuspid Aortic Valve -- [•] Anatomy of Aortic Stenosis -- [•] Planimetry of the Aortic Valve Area on Aortic Stenosis -- [•] Hemodynamics of Aortic Valve Stenosis -- [•] Technical Tips -- [•] Low-gradient, Low-flow Aortic Valve Stenosis -- [•] Paradoxical Low-flow as with Preserved Ejection Fraction -- [•] Subaortic Stenosis -- 6.Aortic Valve Regurgitation -- [•] Hemodynamics of Aortic Regurgitation -- [•] Functional Anatomy of Aortic Regurgitation -- [•] Detection of Aortic Regurgitation by Echo-Doppler Techniques -- [•] Volumetric Severity of Aortic Regurgitation -- [•] Color Flow Doppler Evaluation of Aortic Regurgitation -- Contents note continued: [•] Aortic Regurgitation Assessment by Vena Contracta -- [•] Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Flow Convergence Method -- [•] Diastolic Flow Reversal in the Descending Aorta and Severity of Aortic Regurgitation -- [•] Pressure Half-time of Aortic Regurgitation Signal -- [•] M-mode Color Flow Propagation Velocity -- [•] Summary of Aortic Regurgitation Assessment by Echo-Doppler Methods -- 7.Tricuspid Valve -- [•] Functional Morphology of the Tricuspid Valve -- [•] Conditions Affecting Tricuspid Valve -- [•] Remodelling in Tricuspid Regurgitation -- [•] Functional TR -- [•] Organic Tricuspid Valve Disorders -- [•] Tricuspid Valve Stenosis -- [•] Assessment of Severity of TR -- [•] Vena Contracta -- [•] Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Method -- [•] Anterograde Velocity of Tricuspid Inflow -- [•] Hepatic Vein Flow in Assessment of TR -- Contents note continued: 8.Pulmonary Valve -- [•] Anatomy of the Pulmonary Valve -- [•] Pulmonary Valve Disorders -- [•] Transesophageal Echocardiography in Pulmonary Stenosis -- [•] Consequences and Associations of Pulmonary Stenosis -- [•] Assessment of Pulmonary Regurgitation -- [•] Consequences of Pulmonary Regurgitation -- 9.Evaluation of Prosthetic Heart Valves -- [•] Ball-in-cage Valve -- [•] Tilting or Mono-disk Valve -- [•] Bileaflet Prosthetic Valves -- [•] Bioprosthesis -- [•] Hemodynamic Assessment of Prosthetic Valves -- [•] Technical Considerations -- [•] Microbubble Formation (Cavitation) -- [•] Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction -- [•] Bioprosthetic Degeneration -- [•] Prosthetic and Paraprosthetic Regurgitation -- [•] Paraprosthetic Regurgitation -- [•] Prosthetic Valve Stenosis -- [•] Tricuspid and Pulmonary Prosthetic Valves -- Contents note continued: SECTION 3 Systolic and Diastolic Function -- 10.Left Ventricular Systolic Function -- [•] Morphology of the Left Ventricle -- [•] Limitations -- 11.Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function: Methods and Clinical Applications -- [•] Peculiarities of the Right Ventricle -- [•] Function Parameters -- [•] Right Ventricle Diastolic Function and Pressures -- [•] Tricuspid Annular Peak Systolic Velocity -- [•] Right Ventricle Strain and Strain Rate Analysis -- 12.Diastolic Function -- [•] Physiology of Diastole -- [•] Factors Contributing to Diastole -- [•] Significance of Diastolic Function -- [•] Isovolumic Relaxation Time -- [•] Rapid Filling Phase -- [•] Deceleration Time of Early Filling Wave (Mitral E- and Pulmonary D-Waves) -- [•] Diastasis -- [•] Atrial Kick or Contribution -- [•] Tissue Motion and Diastolic Function -- Contents note continued: [•] Left Atrial Volume and Diastolic Function/Dysfunction -- [•] How to Perform a Study Focusing on Diastolic Function -- [•] Mitral Inflow Velocities -- [•] Mitral Annular Velocities -- [•] How to Obtain Annular Tissue Velocities -- [•] Pulmonary Vein Flow and Diastolic Function -- [•] Mitral Flow Propagation by Color M-Mode -- [•] Longitudinal Strain, Rotation and Untwisting Rate by Acoustic Speckle Tracking -- [•] Diastolic Stress Test -- SECTION 4 Muscle Mechanics -- 13.Tissue Doppler Echocardiography: Current Status and Applications -- [•] Concept of TDI -- [•] Labeling of Tissue Velocity Waveforms -- [•] Terms Used in Tissue Doppler Imaging -- [•] Technical Details of TDI -- [•] Myocardial Velocities in Short Axis -- [•] Internal Dependency of Velocities -- [•] Fundamental Basis of TDI -- Contents note continued: [•] Tissue Doppler Data Processing for Deformation Imaging -- [•] Clinical Utility of TDI -- [•] Prognostic Value of TDI in Diverse Cardiac Disorders -- [•] Limitations of TDI -- 14.Deformation Imaging: Theory and Practice -- [•] Myocardial Deformation -- [•] Descriptive Terms -- [•] Acoustic Speckle Tracking -- [•] Velocity Vector Imaging -- [•] How to Perform Two-Dimensional Strain Imaging? -- [•] Effects of Ischemia on Regional Deformation Metrics -- [•] Early Systolic Longitudinal Lengthening (Paradoxical Longitudinal Systolic Strain) -- [•] Post-systolic Longitudinal Shortening -- [•] Paradoxical Strain Patterns -- [•] Right Ventricular Deformation -- [•] Left Atrial Function by Deformation Imaging -- [•] Mechanical Properties of the Aorta -- [•] Three-dimensional/Four-dimensional Deformation Imaging -- Contents note continued: [•] Clinical Applications of Strain and Strain Rate Imaging -- [•] Limitations -- 15.Rotation, Twist and Torsion -- [•] Fundamentals of Torsion -- [•] Echocardiographic Methods of Studying Twist -- [•] Clinical Applications of Torsion -- [•] Aging and Torsion -- [•] Aortic Stenosis, Hypertension and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy -- [•] Heart Failure -- [•] Constrictive Pericarditis -- [•] Torsion and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy -- SECTION 5 CHD, Aorta and Pericardium -- 16.Congenital Heart Disease in Adults -- [•] Atrial Septal Defect -- [•] Patent Foramen Ovale -- [•] Ostium Primum Atrial Septal Defect -- [•] Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect -- [•] Common or Single Atrium -- [•] Ventricular Septal Defect -- [•] Morphology of VSD -- [•] Pathophysiology of VSD -- [•] Ebstein's Anomaly -- Contents note continued: [•] Carpentier Classification of Ebstein's Anomaly -- [•] Double-Chambered RV -- [•] Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysms -- [•] Tetralogy of Fallot -- [•] Morphological Variants of TOF -- [•] Truncus Arteriosus or Common Arterial Trunk -- [•] Subaortic Membranous Stenosis -- [•] Physiology and Pathology -- [•] Transposition of Great Vessels -- 17.Aorta: Congenital and Acquired Disorders -- [•] Structure of Aorta -- [•] Parts of Aorta -- [•] Functions of Aorta -- [•] Normal Aortic Measurements and Imaging Views -- [•] Etiopathogenesis of Aortic Disorders -- [•] Congenital Disorders of Aorta -- [•] Aortic Coarctation -- [•] Aneurysm of Sinus of Valsalva -- [•] Aortopulmonary Window -- [•] Truncus Arteriosus -- [•] Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis -- [•] Patent Ductus Arteriosus -- [•] Acquired Aortopathies -- Contents note continued: 18.Pericardial Diseases -- [•] Echocardiographic Anatomy of Pericardium -- Pericardial Disorders -- [•] Acute Pericarditis and Pericardial Effusion -- [•] Cardiac Tamponade -- [•] Pericardial Cysts and Masses -- [•] Pericardial Constriction -- SECTION 6 Structural Heart Disease -- 19.Ischemic Heart Disease -- [•] Myocardial Segment Nomenclature and Coronary Vascular Territory -- [•] Right Ventricular Segmentation -- [•] Ischemia and Echocardiographic Imaging -- [•] Echocardiography in IHD -- [•] Evaluation of Myocardial Infarction -- [•] Mechanical Complications of Myocardial Infarction -- [•] Stress Echocardiography -- 20.Tumors, Masses and Infection -- [•] Cardiac Manifestations of Masses -- [•] Cardiac Thrombi and Spontaneous Echo Contrast -- [•] Cardiac Tumors -- [•] Echocardiographic Features of Myxoma -- Contents note continued: [•] Papillary Fibroelastoma -- [•] Malignant Tumors -- [•] Differential Diagnosis of Cardiac Tumors -- [•] Infective Endocarditis -- [•] Points to Remember -- 21.Cardiomyopathies -- [•] European Classification of Cardiomyopathies -- [•] Summary of EMF Echocardiographic Features.