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When Medical Treatment And Patient Needs Clash -- Overview And Reasons For Treatment Refusals -- Childhood Vaccines, Hesitancy And Refusals -- Pediatric Healthcare, Ethics, And Children's Rights -- Legal Implications And Consent : Informed Consent, Assent, And Parental Permission -- Legal Perspectives Of Treatment Refusal : Refusal Defined -- In The Name Of Religion : Historical Influences To Legal Exemptions -- Adult Medical Treatment Refusals, Limitations, And Delays -- Overview Of Religious Doctrines -- The Importance Of Cultural Competence -- Professional Groups' Reactions To Treatment Refusal : Nursing, Medicine, Researchers, And Journalists -- Overview Of Professional Interventions : Power Distance, Negotiation, And Safety.